Leo Rover Specification

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Introduction

Leo Rover is a compact, 4-wheeled, remote-controlled robot designed for indoor and outdoor robotic project development, learning, and research applications. It is equipped with a built-in computer, a high-resolution camera, and a powerful battery, making it suitable for various tasks, including autonomous navigation, obstacle detection, and remote monitoring.

Main parameters

Parameter	Value
Dimensions (LxWxH)	424 mm x 445 mm x 303 mm
Weight	$\approx$ 7 kg
Maximum payload	$\approx$ 5 kg*
Maximum linear speed	$\approx$ 0.4 m/s
Maximum angular speed	$\approx$ 1 Rad/s
Estimated max. obstacle size	$\approx$ 70 mm
IP protection rating	IP 55
Operating temperature	-10 °C to +40 °C
Run time	Up to 4 hours with standard battery
Connection range	Up to 100 m

* - on standard tires

Traction parameters

Parameter	Value
Track Width	354 mm
Wheelbase length	295 mm
Ground clearance	108 mm
Climb grade (no payload)	45° (100 %)
Climb grade with 5kg payload	45° (100 %)
Hill grade traversal	45° (100 %)
Nominal torque	4 Nm
Maximum torque	5.6 Nm

Rover overview

Leo Rover overview

Leo Rover overview

Hardware specification

Dimensions

Dimensions of Leo Rover

Dimensions of Leo Rover

Components

Name	Quantity	Description
Built-in computer	1	Raspberry Pi 5 - A single-board computer developed by Raspberry Pi Ltd. Key features: Processor: Broadcom BCM2712, 2.4GHz quad-core 64-bit Arm Cortex-A76 CPU with cryptography extensions. Memory: 4GB LPDDR4X-4267 SDRAM. Storage: Micro SD card slot with support for high-speed SDR104 mode; PCIe 2.0 x1 interface for fast peripherals (requires separate M.2 HAT or adapter). Connectivity: Gigabit Ethernet (supports PoE+ with separate PoE+ HAT) Dual-band 802.11ac Wi-Fi Bluetooth 5.0 / Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 2 x USB 3.0 ports supporting simultaneous 5Gbps operation 2 x USB 2.0 5 ports 2 x micro-HDMI ports supporting resolutions up to 4kp60 with HDR support 2 x 4-lane MIPI camera/display transceivers standard 40-pin GPIO header
Wi-Fi adapter	1	Alfa AWUS036ACS: USB 2.0 Wi-Fi adapter (Realtek RTL8811AU). Dual-band 802.11ac (AC600: 150 Mbps 2.4GHz + 433 Mbps 5GHz).
Antenna	1	Dual-band (2.4 GHz / 5 GHz) placed on the top of the robot.
Front camera	1	Arducam 12.3MP 477M HQ Camera Module for Raspberry Pi with 158°(D) M12 Wide Angle Lens.
DC motors	4	Bühler Motors 1.61.077.414 connected to LeoCore.

Block diagram

LeoCore controller

LeoCore is the main control board of the Leo Rover platform, responsible for power distribution, motor control, and communication with the onboard Raspberry Pi computer. Equipped with an STM32F401 microcontroller, it provides robust protection, precise motor drivers, and expandable I/O ports - making it a reliable foundation for robotics research, education, and prototyping.

General

• Custom LeoCore board with STM32F401 microcontroller
• Works with Raspberry Pi (power + UART serial communication)
• Provides power and serial communication between LeoCore and Raspberry Pi
• Manages system readiness indicator (battery LED)
• Total current draw from all 5V outputs must not exceed 5A
• Operating temperature: -20°C to +50°C

Port	Functionality
Power Input	DC 2.1/5.5 mm barrel jack Reverse polarity protection Overvoltage protection 10 A fast-blow fuse Input voltage: 8–30 V DC
Motor Outputs	4x PWM H-bridge motor outputs (A, B, C, D) Peak current: ±2.8 A Overcurrent (OCP) and short-circuit protection (to power and GND) 5 V encoder supply (max 1 A total for all motors) 2x encoder inputs per motor (active low – short to GND)
LED Output	Controlled LED output (e.g. battery/system status) Output: 5 V / 10 mA
Fan Connector	Controllable fan power output Output: 5 V / 1 A
GPIO Port	General-purpose I/O connector Provides power to Raspberry Pi Exposes pins for UART communication (PIN8 - TX, PIN10 - RX) Enables flashing of the module directly via Raspberry Pi
UART Port	UART communication interface (same UART as on GPIO port) Logic level: 3.3 V
Debug Port	5-pin interface for firmware flashing and debugging via ST-Link/V2 (optional)

Drivetrain

The standard configuration of the Leo Rover features a drivetrain comprising four fixed wheels. This design enhances the mobility of the Rover, enabling it to execute precise maneuvers such as:

• turning in place ( around center of mass of the rover)
• turning around a curve

In addition, Leo Rover has a differential suspension system, which allows it to traverse uneven terrain and obstacles. The suspension system is designed to provide a smooth ride and maintain stability while driving over rough surfaces.

Motors

The Rover is equipped with four in-hub DC motors, each featuring a planetary gearbox with a gear ratio of 73.2:1. This configuration allows for precise control of the Rover's movement and enables it to navigate various terrains with ease. The motors are equipped with encoders that provide feedback on the wheel's position and speed, allowing for accurate control of the Rover's movement.

Wheels

As standard, Leo Rover comes with rubber tires with a diameter of about 130 mm. Whole drive assembly has following characteristics:

Parameter	Value
Tire size (diameter x thickness)	$\approx$ 125 mm x $\approx$ 70 mm
Tire lock type	Non beadlock
Tire insert	Soft foam (non pneumatic)
Wheel rim diameter	98 mm

Battery & charging

Leo Rover is powered by a 3S2P Li-Ion battery with a total capacity of 6800 mAh. The battery is equipped with an internal battery management system (BMS) that provides protection against overcharging, over-discharging, and short circuits. The battery is designed to be easily replaceable, allowing for quick swaps during extended use.

Each battery pack has following characteristics:

Parameter	Value
Battery type	Li-Ion
Battery pack type	3S2P
Nominal voltage	10.8 V
Charge capacity	6.8 Ah
Energy capacity	$\approx$ 73.2 Wh
Maximum output power	$\approx$ 120 W
Battery cell	Samsung INR18650-35E
Safety systems	Overcurrent, Undervoltage, Reverse polarity, Overheat

Connectors

By default Leo Rover uses standard WEIPU SP13-3 connectors for connecting battery, Main Electronics Box and other possible addons.

Pin name	Cable color
DC-	Black
DC+	Red / black with white stripe
LED	Green

Battery charger

The Rover is equipped with a 2A 12.6V Li-Ion battery charger that can charge the standard battery in approximately 4 hours. The charger is designed to be compact and portable, making it easy to transport and use in various environments. The charger is equipped with a standard 5.5/2.1 mm DC plug.

The charger is outfitted with an LED status indicator designed to provide information about the charging status of the battery. A green LED signifies that the battery has reached full charge, while a red LED indicates that the battery is currently in the charging process.

Parameter	Value
Voltage	12.6 V
Current	2 A (max)
Charger type	Li-Ion
Charger plug	DC 5.5/2.1 mm (center positive)
Charger adapter	Weipu SP13-3 - DC 5.5/2.1 mm

To connect the charger to the battery, a Weipu SP13-3 - DC 5.5/2.1 mm adapter is included with each Rover. This adapter allows for easy and secure connection between the charger and the battery, ensuring that the charging process is efficient and safe.

For more information on how to charge the battery, please refer to the Leo Rover Getting started guide:

📄Getting started

Leo Rover Setup: Quick guide on connecting, operating, and charging Leo Rover for optimal performance and longevity.

Payload specification

Leo Rover is designed to be modular and customizable, allowing users to attach various payloads and accessories to the Rover. The Rover features a mounting platform on the top, which can accommodate different payloads and accessories. The payload capacity of the Rover is approximately 5 kg, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, including research, education, and development.

Parameter	Value
Payload capacity	$\approx$ 5 kg
Hole grid spacing	18 mm x 15 mm
Mounting hole dimensions	7 mm, equipped with T-KFS-M4-1 press-in nuts

| Main mounting plate dimensions (L x W x D) | 299 mm x 183 mm x 2 mm |

Apart from the mounting plate, it is possible to mount payloads directly to v-slot extrusions of the Leo Rover.

In order to power the payload, we recommend purchasing a Powerbox module which replaces the additional quarter of the rover.

Powerbox

The Powerbox module significantly enhances Leo Rover's capabilities by providing versatile power options and enabling continuous operation through battery hot-swaps and external power access.

Software specification

Overview

Leo Rover's software heavily relies on the Robot Operating System (ROS), which offers the robot the following functionalities:

• Abstraction layer facilitating communication between software components.
• Open-source software components, maintained by the community.
• A collection of standard message interfaces.
• Tools for introspection.

The primary segment of the software stack consists of several ROS Nodes, which are computational units, each performing a single logical function. The nodes interact via:

• Topics - Named buses enabling message exchange between nodes. They are strongly typed and employ anonymous publish/subscribe semantics.
• Services - A client/server mechanism for remote procedure calls between nodes. The service server accepts remote procedure requests identified by name and type, which must be known to the service client beforehand.
• Parameters - Sets of key/value pairs maintained separately by each node, utilized for node configuration during startup and runtime without necessitating code modifications.
• TF transforms - A single transform describes the relationship between two coordinate frames at a specific point in time. TF transforms are distributed between nodes using topics, but, for the sake of clarity, we will refer to them as separate entities.

There are two important software components that don't run as native ROS nodes:

• Controller firmware - The firmware itself acts as a ROS node, but uses eProsima's Micro XRCE-DDS as its middleware. Therefore, it requires the presence of the Micro-ROS Agent on the built-in computer to communicate with other ROS nodes.
• Web User Interface - The WebUI establishes a connection with the Rosbridge Server via the WebSocket transport layer and employs the Rosbridge protocol for communication with ROS nodes.

Overview of the software components

Overview of the software components

ROS nodes

ROS Node	Description
Firmware Node	The node spawned by the LeoCore controller firmware. Allows control of the robot's wheels via topics. Additionally, it publishes relevant information, including: State of the dynamic joints controlled by LeoCore. Data retrieved from the onboard IMU sensor. Battery voltage. Computed odometry.
Robot State Publisher	Parses the kinematic tree model of the robot in URDF format and broadcasts the robot state using TF transforms. Here's how it operates: Fixed joints, like sensor positions, are published as static transforms. Movable joints, such as wheel states, are published as dynamic transforms, based on the current joint states published by the Firmware Node. It also publishes the robot URDF description on a designated topic, making it easily accessible to other nodes.
Camera Driver	Publishes camera information and various camera images, including: Color image. Monochrome image. Rectified images in color and monochrome. All images are published at 15 FPS, both in their original resolution and in compressed versions.
Firmware Message Converter	Converts messages from the Firmware Node to standard ROS messages.
IMU Filter	Processes raw IMU data using a complementary filter which: Combines accelerometer and gyroscope data to estimate orientation. Computes roll, pitch, and yaw (RPY) angles. Automatically adjusts gyroscope bias when it detects steady state (no movement) of the rover. The gyroscope bias is periodically saved to persistent storage and loaded on startup. The node also enables calibration reset via a service.
Odometry Filter	Fuses wheel odometry and filtered IMU data to compute the robot's pose and velocity, and publishes this information. It can optionally broadcast an odometry TF transform and supports resetting the odometry via a service.
Web Video Server	Provides HTTP video streaming of ROS image topics to the Web User Interface.
Rosbridge Server	Provides a WebSocket interface to the ROS system, allowing the Web User Interface to communicate with ROS nodes.
Heading controller	Node that filters the movement commands sent to the robot to maintain a desired heading when driving straight or during wide turns. This helps the robot to better maintain its course, especially if the rubber wheels are slightly deformed.

Simplified graph of core ROS nodes running on Leo Rover

Simplified graph of core ROS nodes running on Leo Rover

note

The names of nodes, topics, services are simplified for clarity.
For the exact names and a detailed description of the ROS Entities please refer to the ROS API documentation.

Firmware

The "Firmware" refers to the low-level software running on the LeoCore controller. It utilizes Micro-ROS to communicate with the built-in computer via the Micro XRCE-DDS protocol and exposes functionalities such as:

• velocity commands for the robot,
• velocity and PWM commands for individual wheels,
• battery voltage feedback,
• wheel states (position, velocity, torque, PWM duty) feedback,
• odometry feedback (calculated from wheel encoders),
• feedback from the IMU sensor.

Web user interface

This is a user interface that can be accessed via a web browser. It communicates with the Rosbridge server using roslibjs to access features available on ROS topics. The default leo_ui provides features such as:

• control of the rover via a keyboard, gamepad or a virtual joystick,
• display of a camera stream from the Web video server, with the ability to select the source ROS topic for the video stream,
• display of the current battery voltage measurement,
• reboot and shutdown buttons.